(1. 自然資源部第二海洋研究所 海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，杭州 310012；
2. 中國大洋礦產(chǎn)資源研究開發(fā)協(xié)會，北京 100860；
3. 自然資源部第三海洋研究所，廈門 361005；
4. 香港科技大學(xué)，香港 999077；
5. 自然資源部第一海洋研究所，青島 266061；
6. 國家深海基地管理中心，青島 266237)
摘 要: 隨著人類社會對礦產(chǎn)資源需求的日益增加和相關(guān)技術(shù)與裝備的逐漸成熟，深海采礦成為全球產(chǎn)業(yè)界和科研界共同關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。普遍觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為深海采礦不可避免地會對深海環(huán)境和生物群落造成不同程度的擾動甚至破壞，這也極大影響了國際海底管理局“區(qū)域環(huán)境管理計劃”和《開發(fā)規(guī)章》的制定進(jìn)程。本文基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的視角與方法，總結(jié)了三類深海礦產(chǎn)資源分布區(qū)的典型生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境特征，回顧了國內(nèi)外伴隨著深海采礦系統(tǒng)綜合試驗(yàn)開展的一系列環(huán)境基線和環(huán)境影響評價研究及取得的重要認(rèn)識，在此基礎(chǔ)上歸納了深海采礦活動對深海平原、海山和大洋中脊熱液區(qū)這三類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的潛在影響。同時，本文簡要回顧了過去三十年來中國大洋協(xié)會在這三類區(qū)域部署開展的主要環(huán)境任務(wù)與進(jìn)展，以及我國在國際海底區(qū)域環(huán)境管理方面所做出的積極努力。最后，在分析當(dāng)前國際海底管理局關(guān)于平衡資源開發(fā)和環(huán)境保護(hù)主要舉措的基礎(chǔ)上，本文對我國進(jìn)一步積極參與國際海底區(qū)域環(huán)境管理和全球海洋治理領(lǐng)域工作提出了相關(guān)建議。
關(guān)鍵字: 深海采礦；環(huán)境影響；區(qū)域環(huán)境管理計劃；生物多樣性
（1. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, The Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China;
2. China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association, Beijing 100860, China;
3. The Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China;
4. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China;
5. The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China;
6. National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao 266237, China）
Abstract:With the increasing need for mineral resources and the development of technology and equipment, deep-sea mining has become the common concern of the global industry and scientific research community. It is generally believed that deep-sea mining will inevitably lead to disturbance or even damage to the environment and biological communities of the deep sea. This view has accelerated the development of the “Regional Environmental Management Plan” and “Mining Code” by International Seabed Authority. Based on the ecosystem perspective and methodology, this paper summarized the characteristics of deep-sea ecosystems and environment of the three types of deep-sea mineral resources, reviewed a series of studies on environmental baseline and environmental impact assessment carried out with the comprehensive test of deep-sea mining system at home and abroad, and concluded the potential impacts of deep-sea mining activities on three types of ecosystems including deep-sea plain, seamount and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal area. Meanwhile, this paper also briefly reviewed the major environmental research progress promoted by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association in the past three decades, and the efforts made by China for the environmental management of international seabed. Based on the analysis on the progress of the balance between development and environmental protection made by International Seabed Authority, this paper put forward suggestions on China’s participation in regional environmental management.
Key words: deep-sea mining; environmental impacts; Regional Environmental Management Plan; biodiversity
